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| − | = '''Ecclesiastes''' =
| + | [[file:ADB_logo_letters.jpg|x20px]] '''[[Anabaptist Dictionary of the Bible|Home]] [[A]] [[B]] [[C]] [[D]] [[E]] [[F]] [[G]] [[H]] [[I]] [[J]] [[K]] [[L]] [[M]] [[N]] [[O]] [[P]] [[Q]] [[R]] [[S]] [[T]] [[U]] [[V]] [[W]] [[X]] [[Y]] [[Z]] [[Abbreviations]] [[Glossary]]''' |
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| − | | + | [[Ecclesiastes]] <BR> |
| − | === Introduction ===
| + | [[Ecclesiology (in 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus)]] <br> |
| − | | + | [[Economic Justice (in Ezekiel)]] <BR> |
| − | == Relevance ==
| + | [[Elements of the Universe (in Colossians and Philemon)]] <br> |
| − | In varying degrees, all people face the issues that are addressed by Ecclesiastes: lack of satisfaction or sense of purpose, financial catastrophe, personal tragedy, societal injustice, fear, frustration, chance, uncertainty, physical suffering, old age, and death. In important ways the book faces the “dark side” of faith, the issues that are often troublesome for those who seek to affirm the goodness, power, and love of God. Indeed, the author—in Hebrew ''Qohelet'' (pronounced ko-HELL-it), often translated as the Teacher or the Preacher—has much to say about the nature and activity of the Deity; the name God (’elohim) is one of the most frequent terms in the book, occurring forty times. He essentially affirms the orthodox biblical portrait of God, yet he does not hesitate in ascribing to God some of the pain and inscrutabilities of life. Ecclesiastes was not especially important for Anabaptists of the sixteenth century; their engagements with it happened in piecemeal fashion with concern for, e.g., the worthlessness of the present age, the obstinacy of the wicked, the church as a visible body, the danger of religious triumphalism, and the importance of fearing God. In its distinctive manner, Ecclesiastes addresses such important issues as pleasure and work, wisdom and faith, power and oppression, simplicity and community, faith and cynicism, human weakness and potential, and the character of God in a mysterious universe.
| + | [[The Elite (in Lamentations)]] <br> |
| − | | + | [[Emperors and Emperor Worship (in Revelation)]] <br> |
| − | == Date, Setting, and Author ==
| + | [[Enemies (in Psalms)]] <BR> [[Ephesians]] <BR> |
| − | The book is traditionally attributed to Solomon, as is implied by descriptions of the author (1:1, 12), though the assumed role fades after the second chapter. The language and internal evidence of the book have led scholars to choose either the 5th or the 3rd centuries BCE in Palestine. The author is a Hebrew sage, perhaps of the middle classes who are also his audience. A third-person voice commends the author, perhaps the latter’s pupil (1:1; 7:27; 12:9-14). The title of the book, Qohelet, also the author’s moniker, comes from a word meaning “to gather” (grammatically feminine, perhaps indicating a profession), and may reflect gathering people (hence “the Preacher”) or wisdom.
| + | [[Epistolary Analysis (in 1 & 2 Thessalonians)]]<br> |
| − | | + | [[Eschatology (in 1 & 2 Thessalonians)]] <br> |
| − | == Form and Rhetoric ==
| + | [[The Eschatology of Mark 13]] <BR> |
| − | The book displays proverbs and other sayings, and fits well within the type of wisdom writings sometimes designated “existential” for their challenge or complaint concerning the hopeful philosophies of traditional wisdom. Perceived contradictions in the book and possible inconsistencies with the Torah contributed to doubts about its coherence and its status as Scripture. When seen as paradoxes among the complexities of life, the book’s tensions are consistent with the author’s rhetorical goals: establish credibility, critique poor solutions, then provide counsel. Five major approaches have been taken to the book viewing the author respectively as repentant, ascetic, bitterly cynical, hopeful of joy in the midst of absurdity, and realistic about life. All but the cynic approach discern pedagogical motives in the book, including genuine advice for making the most of life. The negativity of the book is interspersed with more optimistic sections leading some to conclude that the book was edited by a corrective writer. Others conclude that Qohelet writes to offer hope to the extremely discouraged without denying life’s harsh realities. His God is quite active, though distant, and is a giver of good gifts though inscrutable. Qohelet has confidence in God’s judgment though he refuses to deny the reality of injustice and inexplicable tragedy. | + | [[Anabaptist Approaches to Scripture|Essays on Biblical Interpretation: Anabaptist-Mennonite Perspectives]] Willard Swartley, Ed.<BR> |
| − | | + | [[Esther]] <BR> |
| − | === Summary and Comment ===
| + | [[The Ethical List as a Teaching Device (in 2 Peter)]] <br> |
| − | | + | [[Exodus]] <BR> |
| − | == Human Effort Is Vapor 1:1–6:9 ==
| + | [[Ezekiel]] <BR> |
| − | Qohelet states and begins to defend his thesis that “all is vapor” (hebel, traditionally vanity). He starts with a question (1:3 What profit for toil?) and continues with a poem about the futile cycles of the natural world, revealing from the beginning that ambiguity is part of his style: words that could praise the Creator for a marvelous work of consistency may also express frustration. Qohelet explores the satisfaction achieved by pleasure, wisdom, and work. He considers them all vapor, in this case, a futile effort. Surprisingly he advises to enjoy life as a gift from God, hinting that he may answer the questions that at first seem rhetorical: reward for work is possible (2:24; 4:9).
| + | [[Ezra]] |
| − | Qohelet’s time poem (3:1-8) is sometimes cited as justifying divinely sanctioned warfare: “(there is) a time for war” (3:8). However, this requires assuming that Qohelet uses the poem as a list of divinely sanctioned activities, something not demonstrable either from the poem itself or from elsewhere in the book. Qohelet mentions war on two other occasions without assessment (8:8; 9:11). Yet he critiques the qualities and actions that lead to war (4:4-8) and addresses oppression directly (3:16-17 and chaps. 4, 8).
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| − | Though sometimes assumed to be connected only through catch-words, the paragraphs of chap. 4 reflect a careful treatment of the interconnection between oppression and the individualistic pursuit of material goods (4:4-8). Qohelet advises simplicity in community (4:6, 9-12), and challenges naive confidence in political structures (4:13-16).
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| − | In 5:1-7, Qohelet urges that words be few in reverence for God. Vows should be kept lest the Deity in anger destroy one’s work. In the remainder of the book’s first half, Qohelet emphasizes the lack of satisfaction achieved by wealth that can be easily lost. He encourages finding good in one’s work, echoing themes he raised in chap. 4. He concludes the first half by summarizing that human effort to achieve satisfaction in work, wisdom, and pleasure accomplishes little.
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| − | == No One Knows What Is Good 6:10–12:8 ==
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| − | The book’s second half emphasizes the limitations of human knowledge, asking, Who knows what is good?. Qohelet challenges religious triumphalism, advising to live within the realities of one’s weaknesses without making them worse by embracing wickedness or folly. Before the powerful (8:1-17), the Teacher urges prudence and expresses confidence in God’s ultimate justice. The wise cannot know all, but God’s good gifts should be enjoyed. One of the perplexities of life is that righteous and wicked share the same fate (9:1-10). One should enjoy life now because death comes all too soon.
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| − | Time and chance happen to everyone (9:11–10:15); no one can predict how their life will turn out. Qohelet learned that wisdom is valuable but also vulnerable. While some problems can be attributed to a lack of wisdom, accidents happen even when wisdom is employed. In 10:16–11:6, Qohelet advises caution toward those in power and diligence with contentment (cf. 4:9-12). He commends generosity while one takes advantage of opportunities to work.
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| − | Finally (11:7–12:8), the Teacher praises the time of youth and urges his audience to enjoy it while they can. His perspective on the older years of life is not hopeful. His final poem seems to address both the end of a given person’s life as well as the end of the present age.
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| − | == Epilogue 12:9-14 ==
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| − | The third-person voice at the end of the book commends Qohelet’s words as worthy of thought and reflection. He affirms the concern for the fear of God, and praises the Sage for his accomplishments. | |
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| − | === Conclusion ===
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| − | Ecclesiastes is perhaps the Bible’s most important emissary for those on the fringes of faith. Issues of special concern to Anabaptists include a healthy approach to work and to pleasure, the question of war raised by the time poem of chap. 3, the relationship among oppression, simplicity, and community in chap. 4, discernment of what is good, and a strategic stance toward those in power. Ecclesiastes has much to offer for engaging canonical texts involving war, positions of power, and various roles of the people of God.
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| − | === Recommended Essays ===
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| − | Approaches to the Book of Ecclesiastes
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| − | Injustice
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| − | Political Power
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| − | Rhetoric: How Qohelet Argues
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| − | Work
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| − | === Invitation to Comment ===
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| − | To recommend improvements to this article, click here.
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| − | | |
| − | === Bibliography ===
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| − | Michael V. Fox. ''A Time to Tear Down and a Time to Build Up''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999.
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| − | Douglas B. Miller. Ecclesiastes. Believers Church Bible Commentary. Scottdale, PA: Herald, 2010.
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| − | _____. “Power in Wisdom: The Suffering Servant of Ecclesiastes 4.” In ''Peace and Justice Shall Embrace: Power and Theopolitics in the Bible'', Fs. Millard Lind, ed. Ted Grimsrud and Loren L. Johns, 145-73. Telford, PA: Pandora Press U.S., 1999.
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| − | _____. “Should We Take Time for War? Moral Indeterminacy in Qohelet’s Poem.” In Struggles for Shalom: Peace and Violence Across the Testaments. Ed. Laura L. Brenneman and Bradley D. Schantz. Telford, PA: Cascadia, 2013.
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| − | Choon-Leong Seow. Ecclesiastes. Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday, 1997.
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| − | J. Robert Wright, ed. Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2005.
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| − | | |
| − | ==''Douglas B. Miller''==
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